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To paraphrase some remarks from The Third Manifesto once again: In The Object-Oriented Database System Manifesto (Proc 1st International Conference on Deductive and Object-Oriented Databases, Elsevier Science, 1990), Malcolm Atkinson et al say: [There] are at least four types of inheritance: substitution inheritance, inclusion inheritance, constraint inheritance, and specialization inheritance .. Various degrees of these four types of inheritance are provided by existing systems and prototypes, and we do not prescribe a specific style of inheritance In his book An Introduction to Data Types (Addison-Wesley, 1986), J Craig Cleaveland says: [Inheritance can be] based on [a variety of] different criteria and there is no commonly accepted standard definition and proceeds to give eight (!) possible interpretations (Bertrand Meyer, in his article The Many Faces of Inheritance: A Taxonomy of Taxonomy, IEEE Computer 29, No 5, May 1996, gives twelve.

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import org.flexunit.listeners.UIListener; import org.flexunit.runner.FlexUnitCore; // holds an instance of the <code>FlexUnitCore</code> class private var flexUnitCore:FlexUnitCore; protected function creationCompleteHandler(event:FlexEvent):void { flexUnitCore = new FlexUnitCore(); //Listener for the UI, optional flexUnitCore.addListener( new UIListener( testRunner )); //This run statements executes the unit tests for the FlexUnit4 framework flexUnitCore.run( FlexUnit4Suite, FlexUnit4HamcrestSuite,

) In a Technical Correspondence item in Communications of the ACM 37, No 9 (September 1994), Kenneth Baclawski and Bipin Indurkhya say: [A] programming language [merely] provides a set of [inheritance] mechanisms While these mechanisms certainly restrict what one can do in that language and what views of inheritance can be implemented [in that language], they do not by themselves validate some view of inheritance or other [Types,] specializations, generalizations, and inheritance are only concepts, and .. they do not have a universal objective meaning .. This [fact] implies that how inheritance is to be incorporated into a specific system is up to the designers of [that] system, and it constitutes a policy decision that must be implemented with the available mechanisms In other words, there simply is no model..

FlexUnit4TheorySuite ); } ]]> </fx:Script> <flexUnitUIRunner:TestRunnerBase id="testRunner" width="100%" height="100%" /> </s:Application>

Figure 6-8. Click the arrowheads to move the object along one axis at a time. In this example, the cube is being dragged along the X axis, shown as a thin red line on the plane. In the middle of the toolbar at the bottom of the main Blender window are four icons: a hand, a red triangle, a light green donut, and a small blue square. The hand icon toggles on or off the 3D Transform

14. In case it s not obvious, I should stress the fact that I think this aim is a perfectly valid and interesting one. However, it s rather different from the one Hugh Darwen and I had in mind when we developed our own inheritance model, as I ll explain later.

You created an instance of the FlexUnitCore. FlexUnitCore extends EventDispatcher and acts as the facade for running the tests. It mimics the JUnitCore in methods and functionality.

Thus, it seems to me that most if not all of those earlier notions of subtyping and inheritance were confused and muddled at best And it also seems to me that at least some of that muddle has, regrettably, carried over to the Liskov/Wing paper I ll get more specific on this point below, as well as later in this chapter Anyway, regardless of whether I m right about that business of formalizing and imposing discipline on a bunch of preexisting notions, I would like to emphasize how different our own objectives were when we (ie, Hugh Darwen and I) developed our own inheritance model Basically, we worked from first principles; we very deliberately paid very little attention to existing work in the field15 We certainly didn t feel constrained by existing programmer intuition, and very definitely not by object-oriented languages.

// holds an instance of the <code>FlexUnitCore</code> class private var flexUnitCore:FlexUnitCore;

Manipulator tool, and the other three buttons select its mode. By default, the red triangle button is active, which corresponds to Translate mode the tool with the red, green, and blue arrowheads you ve just been reading about. Click the green donut icon instead, and the colored arrows change into rings around the cube object, but in the same colors (see Figure 6-9). This is the rotation tool; you can flip the cube in the direction of any axis by clicking one of the rings, holding down the button, and making a circular motion with your mouse.

Rather, we were concerned with getting the concepts of the model right first ie, finding a good answer to the question What does it mean to assert that S is a subtype of T before possibly turning our attention to the question of making such assertions formally verifiable in some way Thus, we started by developing a formal theory of types as such (and considering the impact of such a theory on the relational model of data in particular) Then we extended that theory to incorporate what seemed to us to be logically sound and useful concepts of subtyping and inheritance.

Once the creationCompleteHandler handler is called you can add the UIListener listener: